5-Hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) is one of the most important bio-based platform compounds. Its structure contains aldehyde, hydroxyl, and furan ring functional groups, which can undergo various chemical reactions to derive a series of high-value bio-based derivatives, replacing or even surpassing the benchmark petroleum-based chemicals. Among them, 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran(BHMTHF), obtained through catalytic hydrogenation of HMF, has attracted significant attention from researchers due to its crucial applications in the synthesis of polyesters, pharmaceutical intermediates and other aspects. This review delves into the research progress on the synthesis of BHMTHF by catalytic hydrogenation of HMF at home and abroad in recent years, analyzes and summarizes the impacts of important parameters such as active metal species, catalyst supports, and reaction solvent type on this hydrogenation reaction system, and provides a summary and outlook for this research field.

The surface wear resistance and corrosion resistance of tool steel 75Cr1(Pushing pieces) can be enhanced by applying a Ni-B-DNP coating with varying diamond nanoparticle(DNP) contents.The phase composition,surface morphology,corrosion resistance,and tribological properties of the coating were thoroughly examined and evaluated.The experimental results indicate that the incorporation of DNP refines the grain structure and improves the corrosion resistance,hardness,and frictional properties of the coating.Notably,the coating with 0.5 g/L DNP exhibits the lowest corrosion current density(icorr=1.08 × 10-7A/cm2) and the highest polarization resistance(Rp=5.55 × 105Ω).Furthermore,in friction and wear tests,it demonstrates a minimal wear volume of 4.81×10-4mm3,showcasing superior overall performance.

In this study, green and biodegradable materials(sodium alginate(SA), carboxymethylcellulose(CMC), and non-fluorinated polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)) were used as functional ingredients to impart oil and water repellency. An oil-and water-repellent paper-based packaging material was prepared through the combined application of these three components as a double-layer coating. The effects of the SA/CMC/PDMS double-layer coating on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, hydrophobicity, oil resistance, and water vapor permeability of the paper were systematically investigated. The results showed that the coated paper exhibited excellent tensile strength((55.1±2.0) MPa), high hydrophobicity(116°, 0 s for water contact angle(WCA)), strong oil resistance(85°, 0 s, with an oil and grease resistance rating of 12/12), and water repellent properties(409 g/(m2·d)). To evaluate practical application, grilled chicken thighs, French fries, and cola were placed on the coated paper. The coatings effectively prevented the penetration of oil and water from the food into the paper. This study provides valuable insights into the development of fluorine-free materials with water-and oil-barrier properties for use in food packaging.

In this study,density functional theory(DFT) calculations were employed to predict the redox properties of electrolyte additives.The results revealed that lithium difluoroxalate borate(LiDFOB) can be easily oxidized or reduced within the normal voltage range of Li-ion batteries,whereas tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate(TFEP) exhibits a wide electrochemical window.The effects of 22 additives in a lithium hexafluorophosphate-ethyl methyl carbonate/fluoroethylene carbonate(LiPF6-EMC/FEC) electrolyte on the electrochemical performance of silicon oxide-graphite ‖ lithium-rich pouch cells were also thoroughly investigated.Among these additives,ethylene sulfite(ES),trichloroacetonitrile(C2Cl3N),trifluoroacetic anhydride(TFAA),and heptafluorobutyric anhydride(HFAA) were found to negatively impact cell capacity performance.LiDFOB,with its acid-neutralizing ability,and TFEP,which enhances first-cycle coulombic efficiency and discharge capacity,were identified as promising electrolyte additives.In addition,the solid electrolyte interface resistance(RSEI) and charge transfer impedance(Rct) of the pouch cells after 10 cycles were shown to be reliable indicators of longterm cycling performance,and can serve as an important criterion for evaluating additive effectiveness.

Focusing on establishing seismic intensity-based liquefaction models, the existing earthquake-induced liquefaction cases of gravelly soils were compiled in this study. Four common assessment models were updated and a new model that considers the gravel content was proposed. The results indicate that the base value of shear wave velocity, calibrated using 235 global gravelly soil cases, is significantly higher than that of sandy soils. The calibrated models show balanced and significantly improved success rates in predicting liquefaction and non-liquefaction cases. The 1974 Chinese code model was updated with 88 Chinese gravelly soil cases with gravel content information. It was found that the critical shear wave velocity, expressed by a linear function, can more effectively distinguish liquefied cases from non-liquefied cases, achieving an overall success rate of 85%. This study lays a foundation for further development and refinement of liquefaction assessment methods for gravelly soils.

In the operation of containment vessels, boric acid solution often leaks out of cooling pools and water tanks and corrodes the surrounding concrete structures. Therefore, it is of important significance to evaluate the splitting tensile strength and service life of concrete in boric acid environments. The corrosion behavior of concrete caused by boric acid solution is characterized through experiment and the effects of temperature and concentration of boric acid on the appearance and microstructure of concrete are analyzed in a qualitative manner. The variations of the corrosion depth and splitting tensile strength of concrete immersed in three concentrations of boric acid under two temperatures with the immersion time are measured. Based on the experimental results, the effects of temperature and concentration of boric acid on the corrosion depth and splitting tensile strength of concrete are discussed and the regression formulae of the corrosion depth and the loss rate of splitting tensile strength are derived. Finally, the prediction of service life of concrete structures in boric acid environments is discussed. The computational results show that the service life of concrete structures is greatly influenced by temperature and concentration of boric acid, which provides a reference for the assessment of concrete containment vessels.

This paper investigated a structural strengthening technique-segmental load-holding replacement and conducted an in-depth analysis of its application in shear walls in high-rise buildings using ABAQUS finite element analyses. This research provided a detailed description of the reinforcement process for the fifth building in a high-rise residential community in Hangzhou and analyzed the stress lag issue of the batch replacement technique during dealing with the structural reinforcement. By analyzing the stress lag effects during the replacement process and the load-holding technique employed, this study proposed a new method for optimizing structural performance and stability to reduce the stress lag effects caused by the segmental replacement. The results show that by selecting an appropriate replacement strategy and applying the segmental load-holding technique to newly cast walls, it is possible to effectively mitigate the stress lag issue. This paper offers a theoretical and practical method for the reinforcement of high-rise building shear walls, verifies the validity of the segmental load-holding replacement technique through analyses of a specific engineering case and finite element simulations, and provides a significant reference for similar engineering practices.

By taking a three-tower cable-stayed bridge, a three-tower suspension bridge, and a three-tower cable-stayed-suspension hybrid bridge with a main span of 1 400 meters are taken as examples, the structural dynamic characteristics and wind stability under skew wind are analyzed and compared by a three-dimensional aerostatic and aerodynamic stability analysis program, and the favorable structural system of multi-tower cable-supported bridges is proposed. The results show that the three-tower cable-supported bridge has great flexibility, the lateral stiffness is the weakest and therefore it is sensitive to transverse wind loading. The fundamental frequencies are the smallest for the three-tower suspension bridge and the largest for the three-tower cable-stayed bridge. Although the three-tower cable-stayed-suspension hybrid bridge has an intermediate natural frequency but it is close to that of the three-tower cable-stayed bridge. The worst wind stability happens commonly under skew wind, the comprehensive effects of skew and static winds lead to a significant decrease in the wind stability of the three-tower cable-supported bridge, which should be considered accurately. For a given main span, the three-tower cable-stayed bridge is the most stable under skew wind, followed by the three-tower cable-stayed-suspension hybrid bridge and the three-tower suspension bridge. By taking into account the dynamic characteristics and the wind stability under skew wind, the three-tower cable-stayed bridge is a suitable structural system of three-tower cable-supported bridges for a given main span.

Channel steel-encased concrete composite(CSECC) beams refer to steel-concrete composite beams with externally arranged open-section channel steel. This structure fully utilizes the advantages of steel and concrete, exhibiting high load-carrying capacity, good ductility, and ease of construction. This paper uses a finite element numerical analysis to study the flexural stiffness and flexural load-bearing capacity of CSECC beams, explores the influence of channel steel material strength, gusset plate configuration form, and studs construction on their flexural load-bearing capacity, and compares them with concrete filled steel tube beams and partially encased composite(PEC) beams. The research results show that the flexural capacity of CSECC beams is close to that of concrete-filled steel tubular beams and PEC beams when the steel consumption is similar. The flexural stiffness and flexural load-bearing capacity of CSECC beams are significantly influenced by the strength of the channel steel material, and the configuration of the gusset plates can effectively increase their flexural load-bearing capacity of CSECC beams. However, the width, thickness, and spacing of the gusset plates have a relatively small impact on the bending performance of CSECC beams. In addition, the stud construction on the tension flange slightly enhances the bending performance of the composite beams.

To enhance flash flood disaster prevention capabilities in ungauged areas, this study stakes the Fanshan Watershed in Cangnan, Wenzhou, as a case study to develop a coupled one-dimensional river and two-dimensional floodplain hydrodynamic model. The model, based on the hydrological empirical formulas for Zhejiang Province, calculates hydrological boundary conditions under five design rainstorm frequencies: 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 a return periods. The average relative error between simulated and observed water levels is 14.0%, validating the model's applicability and reliability. Simulation results reveal that three key towns are affected by flooding to varying degrees. When the return period exceeds 50 a, the flood inundation area expands significantly, and the proportion of affected residential areas rises markedly. These findings highlight the need for early planning of evacuation routes and comprehensive flood prevention strategies for local residents. To further enhance flood control capacity in key towns, two improvement schemes were proposed, both showing substantial effectiveness. The research results provide a scientific basis and data reference for further enhancing the flood control capacity of key towns.

The preparation of modified phospholipids through lipase catalysis holds promising application prospects. Given the limited hydrolysis efficiency of free lipase, the advancement of cross-linked enzyme aggregates(CLEAs) technology is crucial for enhancing the hydrolysis efficiency of lipase. In this study, Rhizopus lipase aggregates(Glu-CLEAs) were prepared using glutaraldehyde(Glu) as a crosslinking agent and utilized as catalysts for phospholipid hydrolysis in an n-hexane/water biphasic system. The results showed that, after optimizing the preparation conditions of Glu-CLEAs, its enzyme activity recovery rate reached(99.72±2.34)%. Infrared spectroscopy and enzymatic performance assays demonstrated improved structural rigidity and enhanced stability of Glu-CLEAs. Under optimized conditions of 20% water content, 30% substrate concentration, 22% Glu-CLEAs concentration(1 675 U/mL), and 8-hour catalytic reaction, the catalytic efficiency reached(95.55±0.13)%, as determined through single-factor experiments. These findings indicated that the CLEAs technology provides an effective approach for the lipase-catalyzed preparation of modified phospholipids.

To explore the immune functions of low molecular weight rice peptides, a study was carried out on alkaline extraction of rice protein, enzymatic preparation of low molecular weight peptides, and two animal experimental methods to assess immunoreactivity. Rice polypeptides were produced by hydrolyzing rice protein with neutral protease, achieving a degree of hydrolysis of 40.6% under the optimal enzymatic conditions. Peptides with molecular weights of 5-30 kDa and<5 kDa were separated using a Labscale ultrafiltration system. Kunming male mice were used as experimental models, and immunoreactivity was evaluated using carbon clearance tests and delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH) assays. Results from both animal experiments demonstrated that the rice peptides with a molecular weights below 30 kDa exhibit immunoreactivity, with those a molecular weight of<5 kDa showing the highest immunological activity. These findings indicate that lower molecular weight rice peptides possess enhanced immune activity. The study provides a technical foundation for the preparation of rice peptides and supports their potential development as immunologically active functional foods.

An animal model of Diabetic encephalopathy was established in SD rats to investigate the protective effect of Carvacrol acetate(CAA) on Diabetic encephalopathy.Male SD rats were randomly assigned into the control group, the diabetes model group, the insulin administration group, the edaravone administration group, as well as the low-, medium-, and high-dose CAA administration groups. Streptozotocin was injected into the tail vein of the rats in the diabetes model group and all administration groups to induce diabetes. After the hyperglycemic rats were maintained in a stable state for 4 weeks, corresponding drugs were continuously administered for another 4 weeks. Subsequently, the Morris water maze experiment and the open field test were conducted to evaluate the memory and motor abilities of the rats. The correlation between the protective effect of CAA and oxidative stress was analyzed by investigating the changes in ROS and MDA levels, SOD activity, along with the Western blot of nuclear Nrf2 protein.The results showed that: CAA could effectively enhance the learning and memory functions of rats with Diabetic encephalopathy, improve their motor exploration ability, and exert a protective effect on nerve cells. Moreover, this protective effect was dose-dependent, with the high-dose CAA showing a better treatment effect. CAA was capable of reducing the levels of ROS and lipid oxidation, facilitating the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, activating downstream antioxidant enzymes, and thus improving the body's oxidative stress status.

Antroquinonol is a bioactive ubiquinone derivative isolated from the solid-state fermentation mycelium of Antrodia camphorata. However, the low yield of antroquinonol limits its widespread application. The solid-state fermentation system of Antrodia camphorata with highland barley as substrate was optimized. The different incubation times, nitrogen source addition amounts, and precursor substance types and addition amounts were optimized to increase the yield of antroquinonol. The single factor results showed that the optimal culture time of antroquinonol with highland barley as substrate was 35 days and the optimal nitrogen source addition amounts was 20%. The four different precursor substances(oleic acid, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, coenzyme Q0, and coenzyme Q10) were added respectively. It was found that coenzyme Q10could significantly increase the yield of antroquinonol. By optimizing the dosage of coenzyme Q10, it was found that the highest yield of antroquinonol was achieved at a dosage of 0.6 g/kg, reaching 6 792.07 mg/kg. Finally, orthogonal experiments were conducted on the above three factors. The results showed that the optimal culture conditions were culture time 30 days, nitrogen source addition of 10% and coenzyme Q10addition of 0.6 g/kg, and the yield of antroquinonol reached 8 430.13 mg/kg. This study is beneficial for solving the bottleneck problem of antroquinonol production and promoting its application in the life and health industry.

Nanoscale zero-valent iron(nZVI) possesses several advantages, including strong reducibility, a large specific surface area, abundant active sites, and environmental friendliness. As a result, it has garnered significant attention in the field of wastewater treatment and the remediation of environmental media such as groundwater, soil, and sediments. However, nZVI exhibits drawbacks, specifically easy agglomeration and passivation. Various methods have been proposed to address these issues, including carrier loading, surface modification, metal doping, and sulphurization. Nevertheless, modified materials obtained through a single improvement method still face challenges. This paper reviews synergistic improvement methods aimed at enhancing the dispersion and stability of nZVI, as well as improving its reaction performance. The mechanisms of these methods and their effects on pollutant removal are discussed. Additionally, the application mechanisms of modified materials in treating environmental pollutants are analyzed. The results indicate that synergistically improved nZVI composite materials can effectively alleviate agglomeration and passivation, prolong their service life, enhance reactivity and selectivity, and significantly improve pollutant removal efficiency. Finally, based on available research findings, it is suggested that future research should focus on the environmental friendliness, economic benefits and engineering applications of modified composites.